| Year |
Winner |
Lifetime |
Contribution |
| 1901 |
Wilhelm Konrad
Rontgen |
1845-1923 |
for the discovery
of x-rays |
| 1902 |
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz
Pieter Zeeman
|
1853-1928
1865-1943 |
for their work
on the influence of magnetism on radiation. |
| 1903 |
Antoine Henri Becquerel
Pierre Curie
Marie Sklowdowska-Curie
|
1852-1908
1859-1906
1867-1934
|
for his discovery of radioactivity.
for their joint research
on nuclear radiation phenomena.
|
| 1904 |
Lord Rayleigh
(John William Strutt)
|
1842-1919 |
for his research
on the densities of the gases and for his discovery of argon |
| 1905 |
Philipp Eduard
Anton von Lenard |
1862-1947 |
for his work
on cathode rays. |
| 1906 |
Joseph John
Thomson |
1856-1940 |
for his research
on the conduction of electricity by gases. |
| 1907 |
Albert Abraham
Michelson |
1852-1931 |
for his optical
instruments and for measuring the speed of light. |
| 1908 |
Gabriel
Lippmann |
1845-1921 |
for
his method of reproducing colors photographically based on the interference
techiniques. |
| 1909 |
Guglielmo Marconi
Carl Ferdinand Braun
|
1874-1937
1850-1918
|
for their development
of wireless telegraphy. |
| 1910 |
Johannes Diderik
van der Waals |
1837-1932 |
for his research
on the equation of state for gases and liquids. |
| 1911 |
Wilhelm Wien |
1864-1928 |
for his work
on heat radiation. |
| 1912 |
Nils Gustaf
Dalen |
1869-1937 |
for his invention
of automatic regulators for use in lighthouses. |
| 1913 |
Heike Kamerlingh
Onnes |
1853-1926 |
for his work
on the properties of matter at low temperatures and for liquefying helium. |
| 1914 |
Max von Laue |
1879-1960 |
for his discovery
of the diffraction of x-rays in crystals. |
| 1915 |
William Henry Bragg
William Lawrence Bragg
|
1862-1942
1890-1971
|
for their analysis
of crystal structure using x-rays. |
| 1917 |
Charles Glover
Barkla |
1877-1944 |
for his study
of atoms by x-rays scattering. |
| 1918 |
Max Planck |
1858-1947 |
for his discovery
of quanta of energy. |
| 1919 |
Johannes Stark |
1874-1957 |
for his discovery
of the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields |
| 1920 |
Charles-Edouard
Guillaume |
1861-1938 |
for his discovery
of invar, a nickel-steel alloy. |
| 1921 |
Albert
Einstein |
1879-1955 |
for
his explanation of the photoelectric effect. |
| 1922 |
Niels Bohr |
1885-1962 |
for his model
of the atom. |
| 1923 |
Robert Andrews
Millikan |
1868-1953 |
for his measurement
of the charge of the electron and for his experimental work on the photoelectric
effect. |
| 1924 |
Kark Manne Georg
Siegbahn |
1888-1979 |
for his research
in x-ray spectroscopy. |
| 1925 |
James Franck
Gustav Hertz
|
1882-1964
1887-1975
|
for their research
on electron-atom collisions. |
| 1926 |
Jean Baptiste
Perrin |
1870-1942 |
for his work
on the discontinuous structure of matter and for measuring the size
of atoms. |
| 1927 |
Arthur Holly Compton
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
|
1892-1962
1869-1959
|
for his discovery of the
Compton effect
for inventing the cloud
chamber which makes visible the paths of charged particles.
|
| 1928 |
Owen Willans
Richardson |
1879-1959 |
for his discovery
of the thermionic effect. |
| 1929 |
Prince Louis-Victor
de Broglie |
1892-1987 |
for his discovery
of the wave nature of electrons. |
| 1930 |
Sir Chandrasekhara
Venkata Raman |
1888-1970 |
for his work
on light scattering. |
| 1932 |
Werner Heisenberg |
1901-1976 |
for the development
of quantum mechanics. |
| 1933 |
Erwin Schrodinger
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
|
1887-1962
1902-1984
|
for the development
of wave mechanics.
for the development of
relativistic quantum mechanics.
|
| 1935 |
James Chadwick |
1891-1974 |
for the discovery
of the neutron. |
| 1936 |
Victor Franz Hess
Carl David Anderson
|
1883-1964
1904-1984
|
for the discovery of cosmic
radiation.
for the discovery of the
positron.
|
| 1937 |
Clinton Joseph Davisson
George Paget Thomson
|
1881-1958
1892-1975
|
for their experimental
discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals, confirming de
Brogie's hypothesis |
| 1938 |
Enrico Fermi |
1901-1954 |
for producing
new radioactive elements by means of neutron irradiation. |
| 1939 |
Ernest Orlando
Lawrence |
1901-1958 |
for the invention
of the cyclotron |
| 1943 |
Otto Stern |
1888-1969 |
for his discovery
of the magnetic moment of the proton |
| 1944 |
Isidor Isaac
Rabi |
1898-1988 |
for his discovery
of the nuclear magnetic resonance method that records the magnetic properties
of nuclei. |
| 1945 |
Wolfgang Pauli |
1900-1958 |
for the discovery
of the exclusion principle. |
| 1946 |
Percy Williams
Bridgman |
1882-1961 |
for his work
in the field of high-pressure physics |
| 1947 |
Sir Edward Victor
Appleton |
1892-1965 |
for his study
of the physics of the upper atmosphere. |
| 1948 |
Patrick Maynard
Stuart Blackett |
1897-1974 |
for his discoveries
in nuclear physics with cloud-chamber photographs of cosmic rays. |
| 1949 |
Hideki Yukawa |
1907-1981 |
for his prediction
of the existence of mesons. |
| 1950 |
Cecil Frank
Powell |
1903-1969 |
for his photographic
method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries of new mesons. |
| 1951 |
Sir John Douglas Cockcroft
Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton
|
1897-1967
1903-1995
|
for their work
on the transmutation of atomic nuclei using a particle accelerator. |
| 1952 |
Felix Bloch
Edward Mills Purcell
|
1905-1983
1912-
|
for their discovery
of nuclear magnetic resonance in liquids are gases. |
| 1953 |
Frits Zernike |
1888-1966 |
for his invention
of the phase-contrast microsope |
| 1954 |
Max Born
Walther Bothe
|
1882-1970
1891-1957
|
for his interpretation
of the wave function as probability.
for his coincidence method for studying subatomic particles.
|
| 1955 |
Willis Eugene Lamb
Polykarp Kusch
|
1913-
1911-1993
|
for his discoveries
concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum.
for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron.
|
| 1956 |
William Shockley
John Bardeen
Walter Houser Brattain
|
1910-1989
1908-1991
1902-1987
|
for their their
development of the transistor |
| 1957 |
Chen Ning Yang
Tsung Dao Lee
|
1922-
1926-
|
for their prediction
that parity is not conserved in beta decay. |
| 1958 |
Pavel Aleksejevic Cerenkov
Il' ja Michajlovic Frank
Igor' Evgen' evic Tamm
|
1904-1990
1908-1990
1895-1971
|
for the discovery of Cerenkov
radiation.
for his interpretation
of Cerenkov radiation
|
| 1959 |
Emilio Gino Segre
Owen Chamberlain
|
1905-1989
1920-
|
for their discovery
of the antiproton. |
| 1960 |
Donald Arthur
Glaser |
1926- |
for the development
of the bubble chamber |
| 1961 |
Robert Hofstadter
Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer
|
1915-1990
1929-
|
for his discovery of the
internal structure of the nucleons.
for his discovery of the
Mössbauer effect regarding recoilless emission of g-rays.
|
| 1962 |
Lev Davidovic
Landau |
1908-1968 |
for his theoretical
work on the superfluidity of liquid helium. |
| 1963 |
Eugene P. Wigner
Maria Goeppert Mayer
J. Hans D. Jensen
|
1902-1995
1906-1972
1907-1973
|
for his discovery and application
of symmetry principles to elementary particle theory.
for their work concerning
the shell structure of the nucleus.
|
| 1964 |
Charles H. Townes
Nikolai G. Basov
Alexander M. Prochorov
|
1915-
1922-
1916-
|
for the development
of masers and lasers. |
| 1965 |
Sin-itiro Tomonaga
Julian Schwinger
Richard P. Feynman
|
1906-1979
1918-1994
1918-1988
|
for their development
of quantum electrodynamics |
| 1966 |
Alfred Kastler |
1902-1984 |
for the development
of optical methods for studying energy levels in atoms. |
| 1967 |
Hans Albrecht
Bethe |
1906- |
for discoveries
concerning the energy production in stars. |
| 1968 |
Luis W. Alvarez |
1911-1988 |
for the discovery
of resonance states of elementary particles. |
| 1969 |
Murray Gell-Mann |
1929- |
for his theoretical
work regarding the classification of elementary particles. |
| 1970 |
Hannes Alvén
Louis Neel
|
1908-
1904-
|
for discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics.
for his discoveries concerning
antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism.
|
| 1971 |
Dennis Gabor |
1900-1979 |
for his development
of the principles of holography. |
| 1972 |
John Bardeen
Leon N. Cooper
J. Robert Schrieffer
|
1908-1991
1931-
1931-
|
for their development
of a theory of superconductivity. |
| 1973 |
Leo Esaki
Ivar Giaever
Brian D. Josephson
|
1925-
1929-
1940-
|
for the discovery of tunneling
in semiconductors.
for the discovery of tunneling
in superconductors
for his theoretical work
on the properties of currents through a tunnel barrier.
|
| 1974 |
Antony Hewish
Sir Martin Ryle
|
1924-
1918-1984
|
for the discovery of pulsars.
for his work in radiointerferometry.
|
| 1975 |
Aage Bohr
Ben Mottelson
James Rainwater
|
1922-
1926-
1917-1986
|
for their work
on the structure of the atomic nucleus |
| 1976 |
Burton Richter
Samuel Chao Chung Ting
|
1931-
1936-
|
For their independent
discovery of J and psi particles. |
| 1977 |
Philip Warren Anderson
Nevill Francis Mott
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
|
1923-
1905-
1899-1980
|
for their quantum-mechanical
study of solids. |
| 1978 |
Peter L. Kapitza
Arno A. Penzias
Robert Woodrow Wilson
|
1894-1984
1926-
1936-
|
for his fundamental work
in low-temperature physics.
for the discovery of cosmic
microwave background radiation.
|
| 1979 |
Sheldon Lee Glashow
Abdus Salam
Steven Weinberg
|
1932-
1926-
1933-
|
for their unified
theory of the weak and electromagnetic forces. |
| 1980 |
James W. Cronin
Val L. Fitch
|
1931-
1923-
|
for the discovery
of parity violations in the decay of neutral K mesons. |
| 1981 |
Nicolaas Bloemergen
Arthur Leonard Schawlow
Kai M. Siegbahn
|
1920-
1921-1999
1918-
|
for their development of
laser spectroscopy.
for the development of
high-resolution electron spectroscopy.
|
| 1982 |
Kenneth Geddes
Wilson |
1936- |
for his work
regarding phase transitions. |
| 1983 |
Subrehmanyan Chandrasekhar
William A. Fowler
|
1910-1995
1911-1995
|
for his work on the structure
and evolution of stars.
for his work on the formation
of the chemical elements.
|
| 1984 |
Carlo Rubbia
Simon van der Meer
|
1934-
1925-
|
for their discovery
of the W and Z particles, the carriers of the weak interaction. |
| 1985 |
Klaus von Klitzing |
1943- |
for his discovery
of the quantized Hall effect. |
| 1986 |
Ernst Ruska
Gerd Binnig
Heinrich Rohrer
|
1906-1988
1947-
1933-
|
for the invention of the
electron microscope.
for the invention of the
scanning-tunneling electron microscope.
|
| 1987 |
Karl Alex Muller
J. George Bednorz
|
1927-
1950-
|
for their discovery
of high temperature superconductors |
| 1988 |
Leon Lederman
Melvin Schwartz
Jack Steinberger
|
1922-
1932-
1921-
|
for their production
of neutrino beams and their discovery of the mu neutrino. |
| 1989 |
Norman Ramsay
Hans Dehmelt
Wolfgang Paul
|
1915-
1922-
1913-1993
|
for the development of
atomic resonance spectroscopy
for their development of
techniques for trapping single atoms
|
| 1990 |
Jerome Friedman
Henry Kendall
Richard Taylor
|
1930-
1926- 1999
1929-
|
for experiments
that revealed the existence of quarks. |
| 1991 |
Pierre-Gilles
de Gennes |
1932- |
for his research
on superconductors, polymers and liquid crystals. |
| 1992 |
Georges Charpak |
1924- |
for his development
of elementary particle detectors. |
| 1993 |
Russel Hulse
Joseph Taylor
|
1950-
1941-
|
For discovering
evidence for gravitational waves. |
| 1994 |
Bertram N. Brockhouse
Clifford G. Shull
|
1918-
1915-
|
For contributions
to the development of neutron scattering techniques in condensed matter
studies. |
| 1995 |
Martin L. Perl
Frederick Reines
|
1927-
1918-
|
For experimental
contributions to lepton physics |
| 1996 |
David M. Lee
Douglas D. Osheroff
Robert C. Richardson
|
1931-
1945-
1937-
|
For their discovery
of suplerfluidity in helium-3. |
| 1997 |
Steven Chu
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
William D. Phillips
|
1948-
1938-
1948-
|
For the development
of methods to cool and trap atoms with lasers. |
| 1998 |
Robert B. Laughlin
Horst L. Stomer
Daniel C. Tsui
|
1950-
1949-
1939-
|
For their discovery
of a new form of quantum field with fractionally charged excitations. |
| 1999 |
Gerardus 'T Hooft
Martinus J.G. Veltman
|
1946-
1931-
|
For elucidating
the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics. |
| 2000 |
Zhores I. Alferov
Herbert Kroemer
Jack S. Kilby
|
1930-
1928-
1923
|
for work [which]
has laid the foundations of modern information technology (IT), particularly
through their invention of rapid transistors, laser diodes, and integrated
circuits (chips) |
